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Marginal revenue is the maximum amount a consumer is willing to pay for an additional good or service. It also represents the additional satisfaction or utility that consumers gain when purchasing additional goods or services.
Marginal revenue is the maximum amount a consumer is willing to pay for an additional good or service. It also represents the additional satisfaction or utility that consumers gain when purchasing additional goods or services. As consumption of a good or service increases, a consumer's marginal benefit tends to decrease.
In business, a producer's marginal revenue is often called marginal revenue.
Similar to marginal utility, marginal revenue applies to any additional units purchased by the consumer after acquiring the first unit. The term utility is used to describe the level of satisfaction a consumer ascribes to the unit consumed.
Marginal benefit can be expressed in terms of the amount a consumer is willing to spend for an additional unit, or it can be expressed in imaginary units such as "utilities". This assumes that the consumer believes that the amount paid is equal to the lowest intrinsic value the item has.
For example, if a person purchases a burger for 10. If they are willing to buy the second burger for 6, then the marginal benefit of the second burger must be between 6.
Not all products’ perceived value will change. For example, prescription drugs can maintain their effectiveness over time as long as they continue to work as needed. In addition, the marginal revenue of certain everyday items, such as bread or milk, remains relatively consistent over time.
As unit consumption increases, the utility or satisfaction consumers derive from consumption tends to decrease.
To illustrate this, consider the example above. Suppose a consumer wants to purchase an extra burger. If the consumer is willing to pay 10.
However, if the consumer decides that he is only willing to pay 9. The more burgers consumers own, the lower their willingness to pay for the next burger. This is because as the quantity consumed increases, the revenue decreases.
Marginal revenue can be determined from the slope of the demand curve or from the following formula:
<!-- @@@ -->Contribution margin has three possible value ranges.
Most goods have positive marginal revenue, which means that consumers experience a net benefit from each additional unit consumed. Although marginal benefits may decrease over time, consumers still experience increased benefits as they consume more.
Negative marginal revenue means that consumers feel worse when they consume additional units. For example, drinking alcohol or eating unhealthy snacks, additional consumption can lead to decreased satisfaction.
A product with zero marginal revenue means that consumers do not experience changes in satisfaction when they consume additional products. This can happen when a product has features that simultaneously increase and decrease satisfaction, resulting in a net benefit of zero.
Although consumers are willing to pay 10 is not necessarily the market price for a burger. Prices are determined by market forces. When consumers believe that the value of an item is lower than the market price, consumers may ultimately choose not to make a transaction.
Marginal revenue has important implications for businesses, especially in marketing and research. Companies need to consider that consumers may compare the marginal cost of additional purchases to the marginal benefit. Marginal cost is the additional cost incurred in producing subsequent units.
Going back to the example above, if a customer buys the first burger for 9, the customer might rate the marginal benefit of the second burger at 9. But if customers feel full after eating just one burger, the marginal cost of $9 exceeds the benefits, causing them to stop buying.
Companies can use their research on revenue margins to find the best price point for any deal. Companies can also use this research to understand the additional expense of selling a second item versus the first.
Marginal revenue is a concept similar to marginal cost, which is the incremental cost a producer incurs when creating additional units of a good. Like marginal revenue, marginal cost generally decreases as the total number of units increases.
For example, imagine a hypothetical factory that produces paper cups. The production process requires 1 per cup of paper and glue materials.
If the factory currently produces fewer than 100,000 cups, the marginal cost of each additional cup is only 1, reflecting the cost of additional machinery or changes in the production process.
Marginal revenue can be calculated from the slope of the demand curve. For example, if you want to know the marginal revenue of the nth unit of a product, you can obtain the slope of the demand curve at the point where current consumption equals n.
For manufacturers and other suppliers, the revenue contribution margin of a good represents the incremental profit they can make by selling additional units of the good. This does not necessarily equate to the expected individual profit. For example, if a company decides to sell 1,000 extra bottles of soft drink but expects that half of them will go unsold, then contribution margin will be half the profit per unit.
The principle of diminishing marginal returns, also known as the law of diminishing utility, states that the benefits of consuming a good decrease as consumption increases. Although each additional unit represents a net benefit to the consumer, this benefit is less than the satisfaction gained from the previous consumption.
Marginal revenue represents one of the most fundamental concepts in microeconomics. This is the value or satisfaction that an economic agent derives from consuming additional units of a particular good. Marginal revenue also determines how much consumers are willing to pay to consume more of a particular good.
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边际收益有三个可能的价值范围。
大多数商品具有正边际收益，这意味着消费者从每额外单元的消费中感受到净收益。尽管边际收益可能随着时间而降低，消费者在进行更多消费时仍然感到收益增加。
负边际收益意味着消费者在消费额外单位时的感受更糟。比如饮酒或食用不健康零食，额外的消费会导致满意度下降。
零边际收益的商品是指消费者在额外消费时感受不到满意度的变化。这种情况可能发生在某产品具有同时有所提升和降低满意度的特质，使得净收益为零。
尽管消费者愿意为汉堡支付10美元，但10美元不一定是汉堡的市场价格。价格由市场力量决定。当消费者认为某项商品的价值低于市场价格时，消费者可能最终选择不进行交易。
边际收益对企业具有重要意义，尤其是在市场营销和研究方面。公司需要考虑，消费者可能会将额外购买的边际成本与边际收益进行比较。边际成本是生产后续单位时产生的额外成本。
回到上面的例子，如果客户以10美元购买第一个汉堡，以9美元购买第二个，客户可能会给第二个汉堡的边际收益定为9美元，并决定在边际成本为9美元时购买。但如果客户在只吃一个汉堡后感到饱了，那么9美元的边际成本就会超过收益，从而导致他们不再购买。
公司可以利用他们关于边际收益的研究，为任何交易找到最佳价格点。公司还可以利用这项研究，了解销售第二件商品相对于第一件的额外开销。
边际收益与边际成本的概念相似，后者是生产者创建额外单位商品时产生的增量成本。与边际收益相似，边际成本通常随着总单位数量的增加而下降。
例如，想象一个假设的工厂生产纸杯。生产过程需要100万美元的设备，能够每天生产多达100,000个纸杯。此外，生产工艺还需要每个纸杯1美元的纸和胶水材料。
如果工厂当前生产的纸杯数量少于100,000个，每个额外纸杯的边际成本仅为1美元。固定成本（如设备和设施）不包括在内。然而，如果工厂已在满负荷运转，生产更多纸杯的边际成本可能会远高于1美元，这反映了额外机械或生产工艺变化的成本。
可以根据需求曲线的斜率来计算边际收益。例如，如果想要知道某种产品第n单位的边际收益，可以在当前消费量等于n的点上获取需求曲线的斜率。
对于制造商和其他供应商而言，某商品的边际收益代表他们通过销售额外单位某商品所能获得的增量利润。这不一定等同于预期的单个利润。例如，如果一家公司决定额外销售1,000瓶软饮料，但预期其中一半会卖不出去，那么边际收益将是每单位利润一半的值。
边际收益递减原则，也称为效用递减法则，指出消费一项商品的收益随着消费的增加而减少。尽管每个额外单位对消费者来说都代表了净收益，但这种收益低于之前消费所获得的满足感。
边际收益代表了微观经济学中最基本的概念之一。这是经济主体从消费某特定商品的额外单位中获得的价值或满意度。边际收益还决定了消费者愿意支付多少以获得更多特定商品的消费。
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